فَلَمْ تَقْتُلُوهُمْ وَلَـٰكِنَّ ٱللَّهَ قَتَلَهُمْ ۚ وَمَا رَمَيْتَ إِذْ رَمَيْتَ وَلَـٰكِنَّ ٱللَّهَ رَمَىٰ ۚ وَلِيُبْلِىَ ٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ مِنْهُ بَلَآءً حَسَنًا ۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ
Falam taqtuloohum wa laakinnal laaha qatalahum; wa maa ramaita iz ramaita wa laakinnal laaha ramaa; wa liyubliyal mu'mineena minhu balaaa'an hasanaa; innal laaha Samee'un Aleem
Maka (yang sebenarnya) bukan kamu yang membunuh mereka, akan tetapi Allah-lah yang membunuh mereka, dan bukan kamu yang melempar ketika kamu melempar, tetapi Allah-lah yang melempar. (Allah berbuat demikian untuk membinasakan mereka) dan untuk memberi kemenangan kepada orang-orang mukmin dengan kemenangan yang baik. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Mendengar lagi Maha Mengetahui.
It was not you who killed them, but God killed them. And when you threw, it was not you who threw, but God threw — so that he might test the believers with a fair trial from himself. Indeed, God is all-hearing, all-knowing.
The grammar concedes the act before reassigning it: the clause grants that a throw happened and that the Prophet made it, then places the result with God. Theologians built on that shape; the doctrine of acquisition, which assigns the act to the person and the effect to God, counts this verse among its anchors. Badr is the setting, and the address is to a small force that had just won against the odds.